What exactly is the Technosphere® Platform?

One of the largest organs in your body are the lungs. Picture the size of a full tennis court and that is roughly the surface area of both lungs in a typical adult. Running through those lungs are airways whose total length measures 1,500 miles – that’s the distance between Chicago and Las Vegas, New York to Albuquerque, and Los Angeles to Nashville.

Simply put, the lungs create a wonderful platform for effective drug delivery. MannKind’s Technosphere technology recognizes this and provides the distinct advantage of rapid, deep lung drug delivery. The effect is similar to intravenous delivery (I.V.; within a vein) and has the added benefit of bypassing the liver which can be especially helpful in reducing systemic side effects.

Examining it closer, it helps to look at inhalation, air flow travel, and the exhale. When you breathe in, air is drawn into the lung and flows down curving, narrowing airways that end in the air sacs or alveoli. When air is exhaled, the flow is reversed. Between the end of an inhalation and the start of exhalation, the air in the lung is stationary. To reach the deep lung, inhaled particles must be carried by the air stream and have enough momentum to continue through the stationary air to collide with the lung surface.

Particles that can reach the lung have aerodynamic diameters between 0.5 µm and 5-6 µm (1 µm is 1 micro-meter or about 0.00004 inches). Particles that are larger than 6 µm will leave the air stream and hit the back of your mouth and throat; smaller than 0.5 µm wouldn’t have the ability to reach the lungs and would simply get exhaled.

“The average Technosphere particle is about 2-2.5 µm which is in the middle of the respirable range,” explains Marshall Grant, PhD, MSc, Executive Director, Clinical Pharmacology & Research for MannKind Corporation. “The particle size distribution is a major reason Technosphere powders are highly efficient in delivering drug to the lungs than other dry powder inhalers (DPIs).”

The Technosphere particles in FDA-approved Afrezza® (insulin human) Inhalation Powder and Tyvaso DPI™ (treprostinil) Inhalation Powder are manufactured by different processes and possess different characteristics. But both are made up of small crystals of FDKP (fumaryl diketopiperazine), MannKind’s proprietary molecule. FDKP provides high solubility and fast dissolution at physiologic pH – and more importantly – can crystallize and form particles in the range appropriate for optimum delivery to the lungs.

When Technosphere powder reaches the lung surface, the FDKP and drug dissolve. The FDKP is then rapidly cleared from the lung into systemic circulation. The FDKP is not metabolized, but rather excreted primarily in the urine. Another value of Technosphere powders has been their versatility – they are compatible with a wide range of doses with different types of drugs.

MannKind’s Technosphere powders are delivered into the lung’s airstream via an inhalation device or DPI (dry powder inhaler). The breath-powered inhalers (Dreamboat® being the most common version) provide excellent delivery efficiency and are proven to deliver up to 70% of the dry-powder dose deep into the lungs. Our DPI are designed to be simple, easy to use and discreet. For patients, imagine having a drug in the convenient form of an inhaler that fits in the palm of your hand. This approach allows patients to not only take control of their health but do it while going about their day and enjoying life more humann.

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NTM Lung Disease on the Rise

“I cough every morning upon waking, so I don’t feel rested.” “Imagine not being able to breathe.” “Anxiety ruins everything about you – it’s not a normal life.” “You just exist from day to day and week to week.” These are a sampling of comments about the most bothersome symptoms from living with Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) shared in a study from NTM Info & Research, Inc. The statements are unfortunately typical and those with NTM often have unpredictable day-to-day health functioning and reduced quality of life.

NTM lung disease is a serious infection that is caused by bacteria that are common in the environment and can cause lung damage. The reality is that we are all exposed to these bacteria in our day-to-day lives – more than 120 species of mycobacteria have been identified. These common bacteria exist in water and soil particles that are in the air, wet places like hot tubs, steamy bathrooms, dishwashers, and even the dewy ground we walk on at the park. But not everyone is at risk of getting NTM lung disease just because they are exposed.

Those predisposed often have underlying conditions such as asthma, COPD, and bronchiectasis, which makes them prone to NTM infection. NTM is not considered to be contagious. Women over the age of 65 make up the majority of those impacted, with a predominance in those of Caucasian and Asian descent.

A rare disease, NTM can often be difficult to diagnose. Many will experience coughing, fatigue, weight loss and shortness of breath – all of which are common with other lung disease symptoms and other conditions like tuberculosis. With NTM, symptoms often worsen, and that is a marker not to be ignored.

It is estimated that some 86,000 individuals are living with NTM lung diseases, and it is on the rise growing 8% each year. Coastal regions including Gulf States have higher rates of infection accounting for 70% of annual NTM cases.

While no cure is available, treatments to manage NTM are available. Treatment for NTM involves antibiotic and multidrug regimens with duration lasting from months to years with tolerability and adverse reactions to treatment which often leads to a lack of adherence to therapy.

There is a valuable need to develop medicines that are well tolerated and effective that lends to consistent patient use and alleviates symptoms of NTM lung disease. MannKind continues to progress MNKD-101 (Clofazimine) for the treatment of NTM.

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Release Details

MannKind Announces Initiation of Phase 2 Trial of Cancer Vaccine for Advanced Melanoma

10/19/10
PDF Version
MannKind Announces Initiation of Phase 2 Trial of Cancer Vaccine for Advanced Melanoma

VALENCIA, Calif., Oct 19, 2010 (BUSINESS WIRE) -- MannKind Corporation (NASDAQ:MNKD) today announced the first patient has been dosed in a phase 2 clinical trial of the novel, investigational cancer vaccine MKC1106-MT. As a part of MannKind's cancer immunotherapy program, this phase 2 study will evaluate the safety, tolerability, immune response and clinical response of MKC1106-MT in patients with advanced melanoma. In a previous phase 1 study, repeat intranodal administration of the treatment regimen was well-tolerated and generated immune responses meeting the primary endpoints of the study. The phase 1 study also generated encouraging objective responses in a subset of patients with disease localized to the lymphatic system. Final results of the phase 1 study were presented as a poster at the annual meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) in June 2010.

"Following the promising results of our phase 1 trial, the initiation of this phase 2 study of MKC1106-MT marks an important step forward for MannKind's oncology portfolio," said Dr. Peter Richardson, MRCP, Corporate Vice President and Chief Scientific Officer, MannKind Corporation. "Given the lack of treatments available for individuals suffering from advanced melanoma, we are pleased to continue our evaluation of this innovative, targeted therapy, which has already shown early evidence of clinical response and tolerability."

MKC1106-MT is an active immunotherapeutic treatment consisting of three components: a DNA plasmid encoding select portions of Melan A and tyrosinase (two tumor-specific antigens that are highly expressed by melanoma tumor cells) and two synthetic peptides with sequences analogous to the targeted portion of Melan A and tyrosinase. The treatment is administered in a plasmid-prime/peptide-boost approach by intranodal injection to superficial lymph nodes in order to maximize antigen exposure to T-cells.

Study Design

The phase 2 study is an open-label, multicenter, nonrandomized, Simon Optimum 2-stage design with up to 19 subjects with metastatic melanoma primarily confined to the lymph nodes treated with MKC1106-MT in the first stage and a potential total of 44 subjects overall. The primary objective of the study is objective response per RECIST 1.1 where response is defined as complete response, partial response and stable disease for 12 weeks or longer. Secondary objectives include time to progression, progression-free survival and overall survival measured at six months and one year. Follow-up will be conducted one year from last dose administered with patients that demonstrate objective response. The study will continue to evaluate the safety and tolerability of the investigational treatment. Further information about the study is available at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov.

About MannKind Corporation

MannKind Corporation (NASDAQ:MNKD) focuses on the discovery, development and commercialization of therapeutic products for patients with diseases such as diabetes and cancer. Its diabetes pipeline includes AFREZZA® and MKC253. MKC253 is currently in phase 1 clinical trials. In March 2009, MannKind submitted a NDA to the FDA requesting approval of AFREZZA for the treatment of adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes for the control of hyperglycemia. In March 2010, MannKind received a Complete Response letter to this NDA from the FDA, requesting additional information. In July 2010, the FDA accepted MannKind's reply to the Complete Response letter and set a PDUFA action date of December 29, 2010. Other products in MannKind's pipeline include the cancer immunotherapy products MKC1106-PP and MKC1106-MT, which have completed Phase 1 clinical trials. MannKind maintains a website at http://www.mannkindcorp.com to which MannKind regularly posts copies of its press releases as well as additional information about MannKind. Interested persons can subscribe on the MannKind website to e-mail alerts that are sent automatically when MannKind issues press releases, files its reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission or posts certain other information to the website.

SOURCE: MannKind Corporation

MannKind Corporation
Matthew Pfeffer
Chief Financial Officer
661-775-5300
mpfeffer@mannkindcorp.com