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What exactly is the Technosphere® Platform?

One of the largest organs in your body are the lungs. Picture the size of a full tennis court and that is roughly the surface area of both lungs in a typical adult. Running through those lungs are airways whose total length measures 1,500 miles – that’s the distance between Chicago and Las Vegas, New York to Albuquerque, and Los Angeles to Nashville.

Simply put, the lungs create a wonderful platform for effective drug delivery. MannKind’s Technosphere technology recognizes this and provides the distinct advantage of rapid, deep lung drug delivery. The effect is similar to intravenous delivery (I.V.; within a vein) and has the added benefit of bypassing the liver which can be especially helpful in reducing systemic side effects.

Examining it closer, it helps to look at inhalation, air flow travel, and the exhale. When you breathe in, air is drawn into the lung and flows down curving, narrowing airways that end in the air sacs or alveoli. When air is exhaled, the flow is reversed. Between the end of an inhalation and the start of exhalation, the air in the lung is stationary. To reach the deep lung, inhaled particles must be carried by the air stream and have enough momentum to continue through the stationary air to collide with the lung surface.

Particles that can reach the lung have aerodynamic diameters between 0.5 µm and 5-6 µm (1 µm is 1 micro-meter or about 0.00004 inches). Particles that are larger than 6 µm will leave the air stream and hit the back of your mouth and throat; smaller than 0.5 µm wouldn’t have the ability to reach the lungs and would simply get exhaled.

“The average Technosphere particle is about 2-2.5 µm which is in the middle of the respirable range,” explains Marshall Grant, PhD, MSc, Executive Director, Clinical Pharmacology & Research for MannKind Corporation. “The particle size distribution is a major reason Technosphere powders are highly efficient in delivering drug to the lungs than other dry powder inhalers (DPIs).”

The Technosphere particles in FDA-approved Afrezza® (insulin human) Inhalation Powder and Tyvaso DPI™ (treprostinil) Inhalation Powder are manufactured by different processes and possess different characteristics. But both are made up of small crystals of FDKP (fumaryl diketopiperazine), MannKind’s proprietary molecule. FDKP provides high solubility and fast dissolution at physiologic pH – and more importantly – can crystallize and form particles in the range appropriate for optimum delivery to the lungs.

When Technosphere powder reaches the lung surface, the FDKP and drug dissolve. The FDKP is then rapidly cleared from the lung into systemic circulation. The FDKP is not metabolized, but rather excreted primarily in the urine. Another value of Technosphere powders has been their versatility – they are compatible with a wide range of doses with different types of drugs.

MannKind’s Technosphere powders are delivered into the lung’s airstream via an inhalation device or DPI (dry powder inhaler). The breath-powered inhalers (Dreamboat® being the most common version) provide excellent delivery efficiency and are proven to deliver up to 70% of the dry-powder dose deep into the lungs. Our DPI are designed to be simple, easy to use and discreet. For patients, imagine having a drug in the convenient form of an inhaler that fits in the palm of your hand. This approach allows patients to not only take control of their health but do it while going about their day and enjoying life more humann.

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NTM Lung Disease on the Rise

“I cough every morning upon waking, so I don’t feel rested.” “Imagine not being able to breathe.” “Anxiety ruins everything about you – it’s not a normal life.” “You just exist from day to day and week to week.” These are a sampling of comments about the most bothersome symptoms from living with Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) shared in a study from NTM Info & Research, Inc. The statements are unfortunately typical and those with NTM often have unpredictable day-to-day health functioning and reduced quality of life.

NTM lung disease is a serious infection that is caused by bacteria that are common in the environment and can cause lung damage. The reality is that we are all exposed to these bacteria in our day-to-day lives – more than 120 species of mycobacteria have been identified. These common bacteria exist in water and soil particles that are in the air, wet places like hot tubs, steamy bathrooms, dishwashers, and even the dewy ground we walk on at the park. But not everyone is at risk of getting NTM lung disease just because they are exposed.

Those predisposed often have underlying conditions such as asthma, COPD, and bronchiectasis, which makes them prone to NTM infection. NTM is not considered to be contagious. Women over the age of 65 make up the majority of those impacted, with a predominance in those of Caucasian and Asian descent.

A rare disease, NTM can often be difficult to diagnose. Many will experience coughing, fatigue, weight loss and shortness of breath – all of which are common with other lung disease symptoms and other conditions like tuberculosis. With NTM, symptoms often worsen, and that is a marker not to be ignored.

It is estimated that some 86,000 individuals are living with NTM lung diseases, and it is on the rise growing 8% each year. Coastal regions including Gulf States have higher rates of infection accounting for 70% of annual NTM cases.

While no cure is available, treatments to manage NTM are available. Treatment for NTM involves antibiotic and multidrug regimens with duration lasting from months to years with tolerability and adverse reactions to treatment which often leads to a lack of adherence to therapy.

There is a valuable need to develop medicines that are well tolerated and effective that lends to consistent patient use and alleviates symptoms of NTM lung disease. MannKind continues to progress MNKD-101 (Clofazimine) for the treatment of NTM.

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Release Details

MannKind Announces U.S. FDA Accepts for Review its Supplemental New Drug Application (sNDA) of FUROSCIX ReadyFlow™ Autoinjector for the Treatment of Edema in Adults with Chronic Heart Failure or Chronic Kidney Disease

12/01/25
PDF Version
  • If approved, ReadyFlow Autoinjector would deliver an IV-equivalent diuretic dose (subcutaneous furosemide injection 80 mg/ml) in under 10 seconds
  • Would potentially provide a cost-effective and convenient option to address episodes of fluid buildup at home, benefiting patients, providers and payors
  • PDUFA target action date of July 26, 2026

WESTLAKE VILLAGE, Calif. and BURLINGTON, Mass., Dec. 01, 2025 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- MannKind Corporation (Nasdaq: MNKD) today announced that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has accepted the sNDA seeking approval for FUROSCIX ReadyFlow™ Autoinjector (SCP-111), developed to deliver a subcutaneous furosemide injection in under 10 seconds as an investigational alternative to the FDA-approved FUROSCIX® (furosemide) On-body Infusor for treatment of edema in adult patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) or chronic kidney disease (CKD). The application has been assigned a Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA) target action date of July 26, 2026.

“The FUROSCIX ReadyFlow Autoinjector marks a key milestone in expanding patient options and improving care. By delivering treatment in under 10 seconds, the ReadyFlow Autoinjector has the potential to transform how adults with chronic heart failure or chronic kidney disease manage episodes of fluid buildup—providing faster relief, reducing hospital admissions, and lowering overall healthcare costs,” said Michael Castagna, PharmD, Chief Executive Officer at MannKind Corporation. “We are excited about the opportunity to bring this innovation forward and empower patients with greater convenience and control in their treatment journey.”

If approved, FUROSCIX ReadyFlow Autoinjector would provide a new option for patients with CHF or CKD to manage fluid buildup episodes from the convenience of their home rather than in a hospital setting. The FDA-approved FUROSCIX On-body Infusor was approved for adult patients with edema in chronic heart failure in 2022 and in chronic kidney disease in 2025. The ReadyFlow Autoinjector would reduce administration time from five hours to under 10 seconds.

The sNDA is supported by positive study results announced in August 2024. Furosemide via the ReadyFlow Autoinjector demonstrated a bioavailability of 107.3% (90% CI: 103.9 – 110.8), achieving the 90% confidence interval limit of 80 to 125 percent. Additionally, participants who utilized ReadyFlow Autoinjector had similar urine output, urinary sodium excretion and urinary potassium excretion at 6, 8, and 12 hours compared to IV furosemide, and was generally well tolerated with respect to injection site pain.

The study was an open-label, single-center, single-dose, randomized, two-way crossover study in 21 healthy volunteers, ranging in age from 45 to 80. Each subject completed the screening, baseline, treatment, and follow-up phases. Subjects were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to one of two treatment sequences (IV furosemide followed by furosemide via the ReadyFlow Autoinjector, or vice versa).

About FUROSCIX

IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION
FUROSCIX is contraindicated in patients with anuria and in patients with a history of hypersensitivity to furosemide, any component of the FUROSCIX formulation, or medical adhesives. 

Furosemide may cause fluid, electrolyte, and metabolic abnormalities, particularly in patients receiving higher doses, patients with inadequate oral electrolyte intake, and in elderly patients. Serum electrolytes, CO2, BUN, creatinine, glucose, and uric acid should be monitored frequently during furosemide therapy.

Excessive diuresis may cause dehydration and blood volume reduction with circulatory collapse and possibly vascular thrombosis and embolism, particularly in elderly patients.

Furosemide can cause dehydration and azotemia. If increasing azotemia and oliguria occur during treatment of severe progressive renal disease, discontinue furosemide.

Cases of tinnitus and reversible or irreversible hearing impairment and deafness have been reported with furosemide. Reports usually indicate that furosemide ototoxicity is associated with rapid injection, severe renal impairment, the use of higher than recommended doses, hypoproteinemia or concomitant therapy with aminoglycoside antibiotics, ethacrynic acid, or other ototoxic drugs.

In patients with severe symptoms of urinary retention (because of bladder emptying disorders, prostatic hyperplasia, urethral narrowing), the administration of furosemide can cause acute urinary retention related to increased production and retention of urine. These patients require careful monitoring, especially during the initial stages of treatment.

Contact with water or other fluids and certain patient movements during treatment may cause the On-body Infusor to prematurely terminate infusion. Ensure patients can detect and respond to alarms.

The most common adverse reactions with FUROSCIX administration in clinical trials were site and skin reactions including erythema, bruising, edema, and injection site pain.

Please see the full Prescribing Information (https://www.furoscix.com/wp-content/uploads/prescribing-information.pdf) and Instructions for Use (https://www.furoscix.com/wp-content/uploads/instructions-for-use.pdf).

About MannKind
MannKind Corporation (Nasdaq: MNKD) is a biopharmaceutical company dedicated to transforming chronic disease care through innovative, patient-centric solutions. Focused on cardiometabolic and orphan lung diseases, we develop and commercialize treatments that address serious unmet medical needs, including diabetes, pulmonary hypertension, and fluid overload in heart failure and chronic kidney disease.

With deep expertise in drug-device combinations, MannKind aims to deliver therapies designed to fit seamlessly into daily life.

Learn more at mannkindcorp.com.

Forward-Looking Statements
This press release contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties, including statements about a potential regulatory action date, and statements regarding the potential benefits of the administration of furosemide via an autoinjector for providers, patients and payors. Words such as “believes”, “anticipates”, “plans”, “expects”, “intends”, “will”, “goal”, “potential” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are based upon MannKind’s current expectations. Actual results and the timing of events could differ materially from those anticipated in such forward-looking statements as a result of various risks and uncertainties, which include, without limitation, the risk that issues that develop in the review by the FDA may subject us to unanticipated delays or prevent us from obtaining marketing approval as well as other risks detailed in MannKind’s filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including under the “Risk Factors” heading of its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, and subsequent periodic reports on Form 10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this press release. All forward-looking statements are qualified in their entirety by this cautionary statement, and MannKind undertakes no obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this press release.

FUROSCIX is a registered trademark of scPharmaceuticals, a wholly owned subsidiary of MannKind Corporation.

MANNKIND is a registered trademark of MannKind Corporation.


For MannKind:
Media Relations
Christie Iacangelo
Email: media@mnkd.com

Investor Relations
Email: ir@mnkd.com

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Source: MannKind